International Journal of Infection
Volume:1 Issue: 3, Oct 2014

Tuberculosis (TB) is the most common cause of infection-related death worldwide. Children represent 5 to 15% of all TB cases around the world and are more frequently infected and more easily affected by the most severe forms of the disease such as meningitis and disseminated form .Here, we reviewed TB in children with impact on the routes of transmission, clinical manifestations, treatment, control, and prophylaxis..
Electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus) were searched from June1995 to May 2014 by using key words (pulmonaryTB,epidemiology,transmission,clinical manifestations,treatment,control, and prophylaxis) ..
Pulmonary tuberculosis may manifest in several forms, including endobronchial TB with focal lymphadenopathy, progressive pulmonary disease, pleural involvement, and reactivated pulmonary disease . Symptoms of primary pulmonary disease in the pediatric population are often insignificant. Gastric aspirates are used instead of sputum in children younger than 6 years. BCG vaccination is used in many parts of the world and the major role of vaccination is the prevention of life-threatening illness such as disseminated TB and meningitis in children.Treatment is the same as for adults..
Most people infected with M .tuberculosis do not develop active disease. In healthy individuals, the lifetime risk of developing infection to disease is 5-10%. Reactivation of TB often occurs in older children and adolescent and is more common in patients who acquire TB at age 7 years and older..

Since Iran is one of the malaria endemic areas, diagnosis of this disease is important. Although the microscopic study of stained peripheral blood smears is as a gold standard of malaria diagnosis, this method requires a microscope, the equipment, and trained people. Because of some problems associated with microscopic method in some situations, rapid diagnostic test (RDTs) can be a suitable alternative. Nevertheless, then diagnosis of malaria should be approved by microscopic .
The rapid diagnosis of disease and treatment of patients is necessary to identify the contributing factors and break the cycle of transmission. In order to achieve this goal, we need a method that requires no special equipment such as microscopes, paint trays, and specially trained technicians for microscopic detection method.
Patients and Blood sample were drawn from the finger of 178 patients with suspected malaria by a technician. Two methods of microscopic detection and RDT kits with immune chromatographic procedures were employed to diagnose malaria. Finally, all slides and cassettes of RDT kits were transferred to Zahedan for reviewing and control..
After data collection, the results of 178 samples were reported according to the Plasmodium species. RDT detected 71.4% of Plasmodium vivax while microscopic method had detected all the cases (100%). Although there was a significant difference between two methods of diagnosis in detecting P. vivax (P Our study showed that only 71.4% of all positive samples for P. vivax were detected by RDT. The results were the same for both methods in diagnosis of P. falciparum. .

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) was a rare disease in Iran before 1999. During the last 15 years, it has been reported from different provinces of Iran, mostly from southeastern Iran..
This study aimed to evaluate the factors associated with poor outcome in children and adolescents with CCHF..
Patients and We studied all files of children (age We evaluated 39 children and adolescents (mean age, 12.9 ± 4.2 years) with CCHF. Among them, nine patients (23%) died. The risk factors associated with poor prognosis were platelet count 15 seconds, aPTT > 45 seconds, the presence of hemorrhagic diathesis, ALT and AST more than five-time the upper limit of normal, loss of consciousness, and myocarditis..
The most important factor associated with mortality was a platelet count

Human brucellosis is a public health problem worldwide. Neurobrucellosis is a rare and severe form of systemic infection and has a broad range of clinical syndromes..
We reported a 21-year-old woman who was referred to our clinic with a subacute onset of fever, myalgia, and weakness of right foot, which gradually progressed and involved lower limbs and culminated in total paralysis..
Although neurobrucellosis is a rare presentation of disease, meningitis or meningoencephalitis are the most frequent clinical syndromes associated with this form of infection. Brucellosis should be considered in patients with unexplained neurological findings, particularly in brucellosis endemic area..

Brucellosis is a systemic infection with a various clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic infection to serious and fatal diseases. In endemic area, one-third of all cases of human brucellosis have been reported in children..
This study aimed to evaluate epidemiology, clinical presentation, and treatment outcome of brucellosis among children in Zahedan City..
Patients and During 36 months, from December 2008 through October 2011, we evaluated all patients younger than 19 years old who were referred to Infectious Diseases Clinic in Boo-Ali Hospital (Zahedan City, southeastern Iran). The patients were referred because of fever, myalgia, and arthralgia, chronic low-back pain, bone pain, and other signs or symptoms consistent with brucellosis and had a positive results for serology test. Titers > 1:80 were considered as positive results..
Among 32 patients with brucellosis (24 male and 8 female; age range, 7-19 years), 83% had chronic bone pain. Fever was reported in 39% and the least frequent complication was osteomyelitis (3%). Patients were treated medically and all the patients survived..
Our study showed that the clinical manifestations and complication in children with brucellosis are similar to that in the adults; however, treatment can be different according to age of patients. In endemic areas, every patient with low-back pain in any age group should be evaluate for brucellosis..

Drug resistance of microorganisms to antimicrobial agents is on the rise. Therefore, an alternative route to overcome drug resistance of various microorganisms is needed..
This study was conducted to assess antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNps) produced by Satureja hortensis extract against Bacillus cereus isolated from soil of Sistan plain (Zabol, Southeastern Iran)..
Material and Bacillus cereus was isolated from collected soil samples by serial dilution and agar plating method. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of silver nanoparticles produced by Satureja hortensis extract were evaluated by microdilution method..
AgNPs display Gaussian dispensation with a mean diameter of 17.58 nm with some deviations. The highest MIC value was 25ppm against one Bacillus cereus and the least MIC value was against two Bacillus cereus strains (12.5 ppm)..
The silver nanoparticles produced by Satureja hortensis extract owed antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus. Furthermore, antimicrobial activity was based on the concentration of silver NPs to produce the most significant effect against Bacillus cereus..

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne disease caused by arbovirus which can be transmitted to human by several routes. Tick bite and living in a rural area have been the most common factors for inception of CCHF in adults and children in studies reported from Iran..
This study was conducted to detect the disease acquisition routes among children with confirmed CCHF in southeastern Iran..
Patients and We evaluated all the files of patients with confirmed CCHF who were younger than 19 years old and were admitted to university hospitals (Zahedan, Southeastern Iran) during January 2000-January 2014..
Among 41 children and adolescents with CCHF (35 males and six females with age range of 5-19 years), animal contacts (23%) and living in endemic area (19%) were the most common factors for acquisition of the disease..
Children and adolescents can acquire CCHF through the same routes that adults can be infected; but, in children tick bite is an uncommon way..